The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of facial trauma among patients with head injuries that may help emergency department physicians to deliver accurate and quick diagnoses and decisions. Study it to learn how to write similar studies and follow it to gain insights into how you can get expert essay writing help.
Research Study on the Prevalence of Facial Trauma Among Patients With Head Injuries
ABSTRACT
Introduction:
Facial trauma is without a doubt a most challenging area for any emergency physician. Despite many researches and advances in the understanding of multiple techniques; initial assessment and management of facial injuries in emergency and early stages remained a complex area for patient care.
Objective:
The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of facial trauma among patients with head injuries that may help emergency department physicians to deliver accurate and quick diagnoses and decisions. Trauma to this region is often associated with mortality and morbidity and varying degree of physical and functional damage.
Study Design:
Prospective Cross-sectional Descriptive Study.
Place and Duration of Study:
Department of Emergency Medicine, Ziauddin University Hospital, Karachi from four months from Feb 2014 to May 2014.
Methodology:
This study was conducted at Ziauddin university hospital emergence medicine department. It is a prospective cross sectional descriptive hospital based study. 115 patients who were diagnosed of having head injuries were included in this study. Information on age, sex and cause of injury was taken for each case. Each patient was then examined for the presence of facial trauma using the CT 3D face. Data was analyzed using the SPSS program.
Result:
Out of 115 patients, 85 (74%) were males and 30 (26%) were females. A total of 59 (51%) patients were between 15 – 30 years of age; 26 (23%) were aged between 31 – 50; and 30 (26%) were above 51 years of age.
76% patients had facial trauma where head injuries were evident. 63% female and 80% male had facial trauma where head injuries were found in patients. Out of these 115 patients majority were involved in road traffic accidents and are from the age group 15 – 30 and predominantly male.
Conclusion:
Based on the study conducted; it is safe to conclude that patients who have facial trauma associate with head injuries are young males and is mainly caused by road traffic accident. The result might vary by governmental, culture or social differences.
Key words:
Facial Trauma; Head Injuries; emergency department
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION
Trauma is a type of injury where external force is being applied suddenly and violently at the body which causes a serious injury [1]. A head injury in human body is any trauma that can cause injury of scalps, brain or skull. The injury could be a minor bruise or serious injury on the head and brain injury [2]. Some injuries can result in prolonged or unrecoverable brain damage. The injury can cause bleeding inside the brain or forces that damages the brain directly. The most common cause of head injuries are road traffic accidents, fall, physical assault or others. These accidents can occur at home, work, outdoors, sports or many other places.
Head injuries are commonly associated with facial trauma; often result from high energy blunt force injury to facial skeleton. Typical mechanisms of trauma include motor vehicle accidents, altercation and fall [3].
———————————————————————-
PG Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Ziauddin University Hospital, North Campus, Karachi
* Correspondence Email:
drshazia24@live.com
The face is vital to human appearance and function. Facial injuries can impair a patient’s ability to eat, speak, interact with others, and perform other important functions. Facial injuries may be caused by a direct blow, penetrating injury, or fall. Pain may be sudden and severe. Bruising and swelling may develop soon after the injury [11].
METHODOLOGY
This study was carried out at the department of emergency medicine, Ziauddin University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. Patients of either gender with more than 15 years of age presenting to Ziauddin Hospital Karachi who were diagnosed of having head injuries were selected.
Patients who gave the history of previous head trauma were not included in this study, this aimed at avoiding some ambiguity during examination as to whether the encountered trauma was the result of the recent head injury or previous underlying trauma.
Each patient was then examined for the presence of facial trauma, using 3D CT scan. A 3D CT scan, or a three-dimensional computerized tomography scan, is a type of x-ray that allows high quality images of organs, blood vessels, and bones to be recorded in a very short amount of time. The individual CT images are then layered together to form a virtual model of the body. It is able to reveal the functionality of many of the anatomical structures in the body, in addition to structural defects, tumors, and lesions [12].
The obtained data was checked for completeness and clarity then entered into the computer and analysis was performed using Statistical package for social sciences program (SPSS). Chi –square test (X2) will be carried out and significant level p<0.05 will be used to draw out conclusion by the help of the statistician.
RESULT
A Total of 115 patients with head trauma were included in the study. The gender distribution of the study population is as shown in Table 1 below.
Table 1:- There were 85 (74%) males and 30 (26%) females.
Gender |
Total |
%Age |
| Female | 30 | 26% |
| Male | 85 | 74% |
Total |
115 |
The age distribution of the study population is as shown in Table 2 below.
Table 2:- There were 59 (51%) cases between ages 15 – 30, 26 (23%) cases with ages from 31 – 50 years males and 30 (26%) with age over 51 years old.
Age |
Total |
%Age |
| 15 – 30 | 59 | 51% |
| 31 – 50 | 26 | 23% |
| 51+ | 30 | 26% |
Grand Total |
115 |
The presence of facial trauma according to gender is shows in table 3. Out of 115 patients monitored, 19 female have facial trauma out of 30 which consist of 63% female, while 68 male patients have facial trauma with head injuries out of 85 which make 80% of male population. The total of 76% patients has facial injuries where head injuries were evident.
Table 3:- Presence of facial trauma according to gender
Presence of facial trauma according to gender |
||||
Gender |
No |
Yes |
%Age |
Total |
| F | 11 | 19 | 63% | 30 |
| M | 17 | 68 | 80% | 85 |
Total |
28 |
87 |
76% |
115 |
The presence of facial trauma according to age is shows in table 4 along with graphical representation. Out of 115 patients monitored, 59 patients were between ages 15 – 30. From these 59 patients 51 have facial trauma where head injuries were evident, this make 86% of the population.
The patients between 31 – 50 years of ages were 26, where only 14 were found to have facial trauma which makes 54% of the population.
The patients over 51 years of age were 30 where 22 were found to have facial trauma which makes 73% of the population.
Table 4:- Presence of facial trauma according to age
Presence of facial trauma according to age |
||||
Age |
No |
Yes |
Total |
%Age |
| 15 – 30 | 8 | 51 | 59 | 86% |
| 31 – 50 | 12 | 14 | 26 | 54% |
| 51+ | 8 | 22 | 30 | 73% |
Total |
28 |
87 |
115 |
76% |
Table 5 shows prevalence of facial trauma by gender according to the causes of injuries. Out of 87 patients where facial trauma was also observed 11% female had it because of road traffic accident comparing to 39% male. Fall in female was 9% comparing to 17% male; no assault in female was observed while 14% male had facial trauma during assault.
Prevalence of facial trauma by gender according to Cause of injury |
|||||
Gender |
RTA |
Fall |
Assaults |
Others |
Total |
| F | 10 | 8 | 0 | 1 | 19 |
| M | 34 | 15 | 12 | 7 | 68 |
Total |
44 |
23 |
12 |
8 |
87 |
Table 6 below shows the details of prevalence of facial trauma by age according to cause of injury. The detail shows higher number of road traffic accident, followed by fall, assault and other causes of injuries.
Prevalence of facial trauma by age according to Cause of injury |
|||||
Age |
RTA |
Fall |
Assaults |
Others |
Total |
| 15 – 30 | 29 | 12 | 7 | 3 | 51 |
| 31 – 50 | 6 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 14 |
| 51+ | 9 | 8 | 0 | 5 | 22 |
Total |
44 |
23 |
12 |
8 |
87 |
DISCUSSION
Head injuries causes hospitalization of 200 – 300 patients per 100,000 population per year worldwide. A head injury associated with facial trauma comprises a number of complications, such as sequestrum formation, sinusitis, nasolacrimal duct injuries, facial deformity and injury to or entrapment of the globe. Trauma is very well known to be the main cause of death in first forty years of life. Facial trauma can be very dangerous as this could impact the essential parts of the body like speech, respiration, vision or smell so special attentions and importance should be given to facial trauma patients [13].
An international study was done in France to determine the types of facial injuries; 25.4% of the injuries were aged between 21 – 30 years. Sex ratio was 2.7M/1F. The most frequent cause was sports injuries (25.8%); followed in decreased order by traffic injuries (23.1%); home injuries (17.6%); fight injuries (3.4%); work injuries (3.4%) and dog bite (3.2%) [4].
Multiple studies conducted that amongst facial trauma the most common sites are nose (50%) [6] and maxillofacial trauma (5%) [5]. In this study 115 patients with head trauma were included with sex ration of 2.8M / 1F which seems to be consistent with previous studies done in different part of the globe [8, 10, 7]. The findings in this study also revealed the most common involving age group was 15 – 30 years of age; which constituted 51% as compared to other age groups.
This finding is the same as that done in Nigeria and others in 2010 [42]. The reason for high prevalence of head and facial trauma to this age group (15 – 30 years) as compared to other age group could be related to activities of this age group in economic and social activities which lead to increase in accidents and violence.
In this study it was also found that male are slightly more involved as compared to females where by 74% were male patients and 26% were female patients. The most common cause of facial trauma is to be road traffic accidents which involve motor cycle; car and pedestrian while the second most is fall from height. This was similar to previous findings in other studies which shows most common etiologies of injuries were car crash (39%); followed by assaults (28%) with majority are male with age group 15 – 30 years [9].
Observations from multiple studies of different part of the world shows that leading cause of facial trauma associated with head injuries is road traffic accident followed by fall and assault. Based on the study design and area; each study has its precise section of dominance.
CONCLUSION
This study concludes the prevalence of facial trauma associated with head injuries was 76% and higher age group is 15 – 30 years with 51% than other age group and prevalence of male 59% than female 16% had facial trauma where head injuries were eminent. The common cause is road traffic accident 50% followed by fall 26%, assault 13.7% and others were 9%.
CONSENT FOR THE STUDY
- All patients or relatives were given a necessary explanation about the study before they asked to participate.
- For those patients who were unconscious, consents were obtained from their relatives.
- For patients under ages 18 years, informed consents were obtained from their parents/ guardians.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to acknowledge faculty of Ziauddin Hospital, North Campus for helping us during the study, staff for helping in data collection and all others who have given their input. The study was self funded.
REFERENCES
- Anderson T ,Heitger M, and Macleod AD (2006). “Concussion and Mild Head Injury”. Practical Neurology : 342–357.
- Heegaard WG, Biros MH. Head. In: Marx J. Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 7th ed. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby; 2009:chap. 38
- Aksoy E, Unlu E, Sensoz O. A retrospective study on epidemiology and treatment of maxillofacial fractures. J Craniofac Surg. 2002:772-5
- Lebeau J, Kanku V, Duroure F, Morand B, Sadek H, Raphaël B. Facial injuries treated in the Grenoble University Hospital. 2006;107:23-9
- Goodisson, D, MacFarlane, M, Snape, L. Darwish, B, Head injury and associated maxillofacial injuries New Zealand Med J 2004,vol.117
- Khan, A. R.,Arif, S., ,J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2005 Vol.17
- Hashim H, Iqbal S. Motorcycle accident is the main cause of maxillofacial injuries in the Penang Mainland, Malaysia. 2011;27:19-22.
- Madubueze CC, Chukwu CO, Omoke NI, Oyakhilome OP. Head and neck injuries as seen in a Nigerian teaching hospital. Ozo CInt Orthop. 2010.
- Bouguila J, Zairi I, Khonsari RH, Jablaoui Y, Hellali M, Adouani A.Epidemiology of maxillofacial traumatology in Tunis. Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac. 2008
- Khan AA. A retrospective study of injuries to the maxillofacial skeleton in Harare, Zimbabwe. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1988; 26:435-439.
- Rankin M, Borah GL. Perceived functional impact of abnormal facial appearance. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003; 111:2140.
- Saigal K, Winokur RS, Finden S, et al. Use of three-dimensional computerized tomography reconstruction in complex facial trauma. Facial Plast Surg 2005; 21:214.
- Motamedi MH: An assessment of maxillofacial fractures: a 5-year study of 237 patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2003, 61(1):61–64
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