What are overweight and obesity. Considering the given medical history and medical information, Mr. C presents signs and symptoms of obesi…

What are overweight and obesity

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Clinical Manifestations Present by Mr. C.

Considering the given medical history and medical information, Mr. C presents signs and symptoms of obesity. The signs and symptoms include heaviness, gaining 100pounds in the last 2 to 3 years. He also reports sleep apnea and HBP, which stands at 172/98. Lastly, Mr. C reports shortness of breath with activity has swollen ankles and itchy skin (pruritus) for the last six months.

Potential Health Risks for Obesity

Mr. C’s signs and symptoms indicate obesity. Obesity predisposes an individual to several health risks, including diabetes, dysregulated immune system, and cardiovascular diseases, e.g., hypertension, Dyslipidemia, Coronary heart disease, Heart failure, and stroke (Kinlen et al., 2018). Other significant health risks attributed to obesity include Kidney disease, e.g., impaired renal function, psychosocial effects from public disapproval and stigma, and osteoarthritis due to reduced physical activity. Further, obesity predisposes an individual to risks of reduced sperm count and erectile dysfunction, neurological diseases, e.g., dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, and respiratory conditions such as asthma and obstructive sleep apnea. Other risks such as gastrointestinal conditions, e.g., fatty liver, gallbladder, and pancreatitis diseases, are also associated with diabetes.

Bariatric surgery is a suitable mediation for Mr. C’s condition for reasons including the presented clinical manifestation. For instance, Mr. C abnormal body weight and fat. Mr. C‘s BMI of 45.1 surpasses the recommended BMI for bariatric surgery, i.e., 40 kg/m 2 (Mechanick et al., 2020). Moreover, Mr. C presents significant weight-related health issues such as HBP, shortness of breath, and sleep apnea, which qualify him for bariatric surgery (Mechanick et al., 2020).

Mr. C.’s functional health patterns

  1. Health Management

Mr. C acknowledges his overweight status and has the will to get rid of his excessive weight even through bariatric surgery. Since he is at risk of significant health issues, his acknowledgment and willpower would be crucial in achieving positive health outcomes from the identified intervention measures.

  • Nutritional – Metabolic.

Mr. C reports having a restricted sodium diet to manage his blood pressure. Mr. C would also benefit from a healthy diet free from excessive cholesterol and sugar. Equally, advanced metabolic pills would also facilitate appropriate weight loss and maintenance of healthy weight.

  • Self-perception

The provided clinical data indicates that Mr. C has a permissive self-perception. However, he reports being heavy since childhood, which shows low self-esteem. Therefore, having an appointment with a counselor for counseling and life coaching sessions would be crucial in helping Mr. C develop positive self-perception, essential for adherence to weight management interventions.

  • Activity-exercise

Mr. C reports shortness of breath on physical activity. However, physical activity is crucial for the effective management of his weight. Since Mr. C is a catalog employee at a telephone center, he is probably inactive throughout the day. Therefore, an appropriate exercise plan would be crucial in achieving a healthy weight.

  • Sleep – Rest

Mr. C reports sleep apnea. Sleep apnea hinders sleep; thus, the patient cannot have an appropriate night’s rest. Therefore, weight loss through proper exercise would be a crucial intervention for Mr. C. Equally, using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) equipment would aid his breathing and encourage adequate sleep and night rest.

The staging of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and contributing factors.

Staging of end-stage renal disease is carried out through a blood test to determine an individual’s glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which measures the kidney’s functionality per minute (Benjamin & Lappin, 2020). A decrease in GFR indicates a decline in kidney function. In end-stage renal disease, your kidneys can no longer work and usually occur when kidney function is less than 10% normalcy. Considering Mr. C’s condition, factors that can contribute to end-stage renal disease include uncontrolled diabetes, hypertension, and proteinuria (Benjamin & Lappin, 2020). The following shows staging according to Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO):

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  • Stage 1: Kidney is damaged but with the normal function above 90 ml/min.
  • Stage 2: Insignificant reduction in normal kidney function between 60 and 89 ml/min.
  • Stage 3a: Moderate reduction in kidney function between 45 and 59 ml/min.
  • Stage 3b: Moderate reduction in kidney function between 30 and 44 ml/min.
  • Stage 4: Severe reduction in kidney function between 15 to 29 ml/min.
  • Stage 5: Renal failure. Kidney functions at <15 ml/min.

ESRD prevention and Health Promotion Opportunities

ESRD is a life-threatening condition that should be prevented and effective coping strategies promoted in society. Managing associated risks factor is a significant way of preventing and managing its progression and associated complications. For instance, adopting a healthy lifestyle, i.e., physically active, healthy diet, managing a healthy weight, and avoiding tobacco products, play a significant role in preventing ESRD development (CDC, 2020). On the other hand, health promotion initiatives, i.e., facilitating and improving individual control over their health, are crucial in managing ESRD progression and associated complications. Health promotion is accomplished through education and enlightenment on strategies that meet the social and environmental determinants of a patient’s health. In this case, Mr. C should be educated on controlling his blood pressure and blood sugar level, the importance of regular medical checkups, and the importance of adherence to his medication (CDC, 2020).

Type of resources available for ESRD patients for non-acute care and multidisciplinary approach to benefit ESRD patients.

Several ESRD Networks constitute organizations and programs for ESRD patients such as Dialysis Patient Citizens, Kidney Smart®, Dialysis Center search, American Kidney Fund, Life Options Rehabilitation Program, American Association of Kidney Patients (AAKP), and National Kidney Registry. These networks provide patients with technical assistance, addresses patient grievances, and establish appropriate medication programs for kidney patients. The Nephron Information Center, Type 2 Diabetes and How Your Kidneys Work provide kidney education resources. Other programs that offer Advice & Inspiration from People with Kidney Disease include my DaVita and One Man’s Story. The DASH Diet and Kidney-Friendly Cookbooks – DaVita provides information on appropriate nutrition for kidney patients.

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References

Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Chronic Kidney Disease Initiative. Prevention & Risk Management. https://www.cdc.gov/kidneydisease/prevention-risk.html

Cody, D., & O’Shea, D. (2018). Complications of obesity. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine111(7), 437-443. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcx152  

Mechanick, J. I., Apovian, C., Brethauer, S., Garvey, W. T., Joffe, A. M., Kim, J., … & Still, C. D. (2020). Clinical practice guidelines for the perioperative nutrition, metabolic, and nonsurgical support of patients undergoing bariatric procedures–2019 update: cosponsored by American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology, The Obesity Society, American Society for Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery, Obesity Medicine Association, and American Society of Anesthesiologists. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases16(2), 175-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2019.10.025

Benjamin, O., & Lappin, S. L. (2020). End-stage renal disease. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499861/

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