. Which of the following best describes Social Cognitive Theory:

a. It is a theory that offers a different explanation for learning when compared to classical and operant conditioning.

b. It is a metatheory that incorporates classical, operant, and social learning principles.

c. It is a model that explains how individuals use mechanisms of operant conditioning to behave socially.

d. It is an outdated theoretical model that has been replaced by operant models of learning.

2. The potential for self-directed changes in behavior is:

a. Forethought

b. Vicarious learning

c. Symbolizing

d. Self-reflection

e. Self-regulation

3. The capacity to re-evaluate and alter thinking that can result in changes in behavior is:

a. Forethought

b. Vicarious Learning

c. Symbolizing

d. Self-reflection

e. Self-Regulation

4. People’s judgments of their capabilities are based more on what they believe they can do than on what is objectively true:

a. Self-Regulation

b. Self-Reflection

c. Self-Efficacy

d. Self-Determination

5. Bandura’s “Bobo Doll” experiment concluded that:

a. People are able to learn through observation.

b. People are capable of profound violence.

c. Television reinforces violent behavior.

d. Vicarious learning can be mitigated by the medium of transmission.

6. Which of the following is NOT a basic principle of the Vygotskyian framework:

a. People construct their own knowledge.

b. Development cannot be separate from its social context.

c. Learning can lead development.

d. Language plays a central role in mental development.

e. Knowledge is external; learning is internal.

7. According to Vygotsky, higher mental functions develop from a shared function to an individual function.

a. True b. False

8. According to Vygotsky, children must engage in very specific types of interaction to promote learning. Which of the following is NOT one of the more beneficial types of interaction:

a. Playing

b. Acting as a sounding board for peers

c. Creating cognitive conflict and having children describe their perceptions and viewpoints to work through the perception conflict under the supervision of the teacher

d. Working in very large groups to extend the range of possible dialogue.

9. According to Vygotsky’s model, children generally ignore, fail to use, or incorrectly use a skill if it is outside the child’s:

a. Zone of Proximal Development

b. Range of Experience

c. Region of Effectiveness

d. Matrix of Organizational Systems

10. Choice behavior:

a. Always leads to and adaptive outcome.

b. Is adaptive if the energy cost of the behavior exceeds the benefit of that behavior.

c. Is maladaptive if the energy cost of the behavior exceeds the benefit of that behavior.

d. Cannot be predicted in humans due to the operation of free will.

11. The phenomenon “undermatching” typically occurs when:

a. Too few reinforcements are available on the alternate schedule of reinforcement.

b. The probability of being reinforced on the alternate schedule increases due to the passage of time.

c. A changeover delay is introduced.

d. The size of the reinforcement is not the same for the response contingency on each schedule.

12. Which of the following factors seems to be least important in explaining how the feeding system of young children operates:

a. Children usually select food on the basis of nutrition value instead of taste value.

b. Food selections by children operate according to flavor preferences.

c. Children often show neophobia.

d. Children cannot be labeled as omnivores.

13. In a famous series of studies on maternal love in rhesus monkeys, Harlow removed infant rhesus monkeys from their natural mothers and replaced the mothers with:

a. The opportunity to interact exclusively with humans.

b. Artificial mothers either in the form of a bare wire mesh or with cloth-covered wire mesh.

c. Other rhesus females who were never mothers.

d. Other rhesus females who were mothers in the past but who were not currently caring for young.

14. According to Chomsky, young children begin to vocalize single words for both objects and actions because they:

a. Possess an innate Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

b. Have been conditioned to the sound of words standing for physical objects

c. Are genetically prepared to make only the speech of the language that their parents speak predominantly.

d. None of the above

15. Behaviorists have studied how parents reinforce and punish a child’s language, behavior, and they found that:

a. The proper use of grammar is consistently reinforced

b. Most of the grammatical constructions of the child are not reinforced

c. Parents give social reinforcement each time the child adds a word to its vocabulary

d. Pronunciation of words not used by the family is punished

16. According to the text, parents who read to their children:

a. Teach their children how to understand letters and also provide to them an emotional bonding experience

b. Are wasting their time if their children do not yet speak

c. Should be helping their children develop universal grammar

d. Increase the chances that their children will do well in primary school; however, early reading does not predict academic success beyond eighth grade

17. According to the text, learning to read and write are what types of behaviors in humans:

a. Prepared

b. Unprepared

c. Contraprepared

d. Furlowed

18. According to Csikszentmihalyi’s flow theory, learning is improved when:

a. Learners are in a state in which they are completely focused and concentrating

b. Learners do their preparation work in the morning

c. Learners have a group to help them

d. Learners work in brief spurts of motivation

19. Experts differ from novices on which of the following:

a. Notice of features and meaningful patterns

b. Flexibility in their approach to new situations

c. Ability to retrieve information

d. The only significant difference between experts and novices relates to their ages

e. Answers A, B, and C

20. In which of the following stage of Piaget’s model would we be likely to see object permanence?

a. Sensory motor stage

b. Preoperational stage

c. Concrete operations

d. Formal operations

Questions 1 – 4

During the term, food was provided to students following a time announcement and course welcome procedure. Many students reported that they felt “conditioned” to the food and/or course welcome procedure. Please respond to the following questions:

1. How would we know if students had actually become conditioned to the food and/or course welcome procedure?

2. On one day, food was hidden and produced midway through the class period. Student behavior change after the food was produced. What does this behavior change tell us about reinforcement schedules and extinction?

3. On one day, food was placed in the classroom prior to time announcement and course welcome procedure. Some students reported being uncertain whether they were permitted to take the food. What does this hesitancy tell us about their learning?

4. Students described concerns about how they might feel and/or behave after the course ends and the food/course welcome procedure are no longer enacted. Based on learning principles, what would you predict to happen to students after the course has concluded?

Question 5

5. The course has an examination procedure that includes characteristics such as open book/open note testing, group discussion, and appeals processes. How are learning models imbedded in the procedure to facilitate learning?

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